Yang'anirani momwe mumamwa madzi kudzera m'mabotolo amadzi anzeru omwe amagulitsidwa

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Zakudya zamadzimadzi ndizofunikira kuti tipewe kutaya madzi m'thupi komanso kuchepetsa miyala ya impso yobwerezabwereza.Pakhala pali chizolowezi m'zaka zaposachedwa kupanga zida zowunikira momwe amamwa madzimadzi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu "zanzeru" monga mabotolo anzeru. Anthu akuluakulu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino.Kudziwa kwathu, mabotolowa sanatsimikizidwe m'mabuku.Kafukufukuyu anayerekezera momwe mabotolo anayi odyetsera anzeru omwe amapezeka pamalonda.Mabotolowa ndi H2OPal, HidrateSpark Steel, HidrateSpark 3 ndi Thermos Smart Lid.One. zochitika zana zolowetsera pa botolo zinalembedwa ndikuwunikidwa ndikuyerekeza ndi choonadi chapansi chomwe chinapezedwa kuchokera ku masikelo apamwamba kwambiri.H2OPal ili ndi zolakwika zochepa kwambiri (MPE) ndipo imatha kulinganiza zolakwika pa sips zambiri.HidrateSpark 3 imapereka zotsatira zowonjezereka komanso zodalirika. Zolakwika za MPE zamabotolo a HidrateSpark zidapititsidwanso bwino pogwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera kwa mzere chifukwa anali ndi zolakwika zosagwirizana. botolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zolemba zambiri ziwonongeke.
Kutaya madzi m'thupi ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa lingayambitse mavuto aakulu, kuphatikizapo chisokonezo, kugwa, chipatala, ndi imfa.Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi n'kofunika kwambiri, makamaka kwa anthu okalamba komanso anthu omwe ali ndi matenda omwe amakhudza kulamulira kwamadzimadzi.Odwala omwe ali pachiopsezo chobwerezabwereza mapangidwe a miyala amalangizidwa kuti azidya madzi ambiri.Choncho, kuyang'anira madzi amadzimadzi ndi njira yothandiza yodziwira ngati madzi okwanira akutengedwa1,2. Pali zoyesayesa zambiri m'mabuku kuti apange malipoti a machitidwe kapena zipangizo zomwe zingathandize kufufuza. ndikuwongolera kudya kwamadzimadzi.Mwamwayi, ambiri mwa maphunzirowa sanabweretse mankhwala ogulitsidwa.Mabotolo pamsika makamaka amayang'ana othamanga ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena anthu akuluakulu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino omwe akufuna kuwonjezera hydration. , mabotolo amadzi omwe amapezeka pamalonda ndi njira yothetsera ochita kafukufuku ndi odwala.Tinafanizira mabotolo anayi amadzi amalonda potengera ntchito ndi ntchito.Mabotolowa ndi HidrateSpark 34, HidrateSpark Steel5, H2O Pal6 ndi Thermos Smart Lid7 monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1.Mabotolowa adasankhidwa chifukwa ndi amodzi mwa mabotolo anayi odziwika omwe ali (1) omwe angagulidwe ku Canada komanso (2) omwe ali ndi data ya sip voliyumu yomwe ikupezeka kudzera pa pulogalamu yam'manja.
Zithunzi za mabotolo amalonda omwe amafufuzidwa: (a) HidrateSpark 34, (b) HidrateSpark Steel5, (c) H2OPal6, (d) Thermos Smart Lid7.Bokosi lofiira lofiira limasonyeza malo a sensa.
Pamabotolo omwe ali pamwambawa, matembenuzidwe am'mbuyo okha a HidrateSpark adatsimikiziridwa mu kafukufuku8.Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti botolo la HidrateSpark linali lolondola mkati mwa 3% ya kuyeza kuchuluka kwa kudya kwa maola 24 akumwa madzimadzi.HidrateSpark yagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'maphunziro azachipatala. kuyang'anira kudya kwa odwala omwe ali ndi miyala ya impso9.Kuyambira pamenepo, HidrateSpark yapanga mabotolo atsopano okhala ndi masensa osiyanasiyana.H2OPal yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro ena kuti azitsatira ndi kulimbikitsa kudya kwamadzimadzi, koma palibe maphunziro apadera omwe adatsimikizira kuti ntchito yake2,10.Pletcher et al. Mawonekedwe a geriatric ndi chidziwitso chomwe chilipo pa intaneti chinafaniziridwa ndi mabotolo angapo azamalonda, koma sanatsimikizire kulondola kwawo11.
Mabotolo onse anayi amalonda akuphatikizapo pulogalamu yaulere yaumwini yowonetsera ndi kusunga zochitika zoyamwa zomwe zimafalitsidwa kudzera pa Bluetooth.HidrateSpark 3 ndi Thermos Smart Lid ali ndi sensa pakati pa botolo, mwina pogwiritsa ntchito capacitive sensor, pamene HidrateSpark Steel ndi H2Opal ali ndi sensor pansi, pogwiritsa ntchito katundu kapena kupanikizika kwa sensor.Malo a sensa akuwonetsedwa mu bokosi lofiira lofiira mu Chithunzi 1.Mu Thermos Smart Lid, chojambulacho sichikhoza kufika pansi pa chidebecho.
Botolo lililonse limayesedwa m'magawo awiri: (1) gawo loyamwa lolamulidwa ndi (2) gawo lopanda moyo. M'magawo onse awiri, zotsatira zolembedwa ndi botolo (zopezedwa kuchokera ku pulogalamu yam'manja yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa Android 11) zinafaniziridwa ndi Choonadi chopezeka pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 5 kg (Starfrit Electronic Kitchen Scale 93756). Mabotolo onse anawunikidwa deta isanasonkhanitsidwe pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyo. Mu Gawo 1, sip sizes kuchokera pa 10 mL mpaka 100 mL ya 10 mL mpaka 100 ml adayesedwa mwachisawawa. dongosolo, miyeso ya 5 iliyonse, pamiyeso ya 50 pa vial. Zochitika izi siziri zochitika zenizeni zakumwa mwa anthu, koma zimatsanulidwa kuti kuchuluka kwa sip iliyonse kukhoza kuyendetsedwa bwino. vuto la sip ndi lalikulu kuposa 50 mL, ndikukonzanso ngati pulogalamuyo itataya kugwirizana kwa bluetooth ku botolo.Pa nthawi ya moyo waulere, wogwiritsa ntchito amamwa madzi momasuka mu botolo masana, ndipo amasankha sips zosiyana. imaphatikizaponso sips 50 pakapita nthawi, koma osati zonse mzere.Choncho, botolo lirilonse liri ndi deta ya miyeso ya 100.
Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti madzi akuyenda bwino tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhala ndi miyeso yolondola ya kuchuluka kwa ma volumetric tsiku lonse (maola 24) m'malo mongomwa madzi aliwonse. monga zidachitikira mu phunziro la Conroy et al. 2 .Ngati sip sichinalembedwe kapena kulembedwa bwino, nkofunika kuti botolo likhoza kulinganiza voliyumu pa kujambula kotsatira.Choncho, cholakwika (chiwerengero choyezera - voliyumu yeniyeni) chimasinthidwa pamanja.Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti mutuwo wamwa 10 mL ndi botolo linanena 0 mL, koma mutuwo adamwa 20 mL ndipo botolo linanena kuti 30 mL yonse, cholakwika chosinthidwa chikanakhala 0 mL.
Table 1 imatchula njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito pabotolo lililonse poganizira magawo awiri (100 sips). The mean percent error (MPE) per sip, mean absolute error (MAE) per sip, and cumulative MPE are counted motere:
kumene \({S}_{act}^{i}\) ndi \({S}_{est}^{i}\) ndi zodya zenizeni komanso zoyerekezeredwa za \({i}_{th}\ ) sip, ndipo \(n\) ndi chiwerengero chonse cha sips.\({C}_{act}^{k}\) ndi \({C}_{est}^{k}\) zikuyimira kuchuluka kwa kudya omaliza \(k\) sips.Sip MPE imayang'ana cholakwika chaperesenti pakumwa munthu aliyense, pomwe Cumulative MPE imayang'ana cholakwika chonse pa nthawi.Malinga ndi zotsatira mu Table 1, H2OPal ili ndi chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha zolemba zotayika, zotsika kwambiri za Sip MPE, ndi zotsika kwambiri za MPE.Kulakwitsa kwapang'onopang'ono kuli bwino kuposa kulakwitsa kwathunthu (MAE) monga metric yofananira pozindikira kuchuluka kwa kudya pakapita nthawi. nthawi pamene mukulemba miyeso yotsatira.The sip MAE imaphatikizidwanso m'mapulogalamu omwe kulondola kwa sip iliyonse kuli kofunika chifukwa kumawerengera zolakwika zonse za sip.Cumulative MPE imayesanso momwe miyeso imayendera bwino pagawo lonse ndipo sichilanga munthu aliyense. Kumwetsa kumodzi.Kuwona kwina kunali kuti 3 mwa mabotolo a 4 adachepetsa kuchuluka kwa voliyumu pakamwa pakuwonetsa mu Gulu 1 ndi manambala olakwika.
Mitundu ya R-squared Pearson corelation coefficients ya mabotolo onse ikuwonetsedwanso mu Table 1. HidrateSpark 3 imapereka mgwirizano wapamwamba kwambiri. zimakhudza coefficient coefficient.Zonse ziwiri H2OPal ndi HidrateSpark Steel anali ndi malumikizano apamwamba ndi r = 0.88, pamene Thermos SmartLid anali ndi mgwirizano wotsika kwambiri (r = 0.75).
Chiwembu cha Bland-Altman mu Chithunzi 2 chimatsimikiziranso kuti HidrateSpark 3 ili ndi malire ang'onoang'ono a mgwirizano (LoA) poyerekeza ndi mabotolo ena atatu. Mtundu wa LoA, womwe umatsimikizira kuti botololi limapereka zotsatira zofananira, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2c.Komabe, mfundo zambiri zili pansi pa zero, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukula kwa sip nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa.Zomwezo ndizofanana ndi HidrateSpark Steel mu Chithunzi 2b, Chifukwa chake, mabotolo awiriwa amapereka MPE yapamwamba kwambiri komanso MPE yowonjezera poyerekeza ndi H2Opal ndi Thermos Smart Lid, ndi zolakwika zomwe zimagawidwa pamwamba ndi pansi pa 0, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 2a, d.
Bland-Altman plots of (a) H2OPal, (b) HidrateSpark Steel, (c) HidrateSpark 3 ndi (d) Thermos Smart Lid. Mzere wodukidwa umayimira nthawi yodalirika mozungulira tanthauzo, lowerengeredwa kuchokera pakupatuka kokhazikika mu Gulu 1.
HidrateSpark Steel ndi H2OPal zinali ndi masinthidwe ofanana a 20.04 mL ndi 21.41 mL, motsatana. Zithunzi 2a,b zikuwonetsanso kuti zitsulo za HidrateSpark Steel nthawi zonse zimayenda mozungulira, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala mkati mwa chigawo cha LoA, pomwe H2Opal ili ndi zabwino zambiri. Kunja kwa dera la LoA.Kupatuka kwakukulu kwa Thermos Smart Lid kunali 35.42 mL, ndipo zoposa 10% ya miyeso inali kunja kwa dera la LoA lomwe likuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2d. Botololi linapereka Sip Mean Error yaying'ono kwambiri komanso Cumulative yaying'ono MPE, ngakhale kuti ali ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe zikusowa komanso kupotoza kwakukulu kwambiri.Thermos SmartLid ili ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe zaphonya chifukwa udzu wa sensa sunapitirire pansi pa chidebecho, zomwe zimayambitsa zojambula zomwe zaphonya pamene madzi amadzimadzi ali pansi pa ndodo ya sensor ( ~ 80 mL) .Izi ziyenera kupangitsa kuti kunyozetsa kumwa kwamadzimadzi; Komabe, Thermos ndilo botolo lokhalo lomwe linali ndi MPE yabwino ndi Sip Mean Error, kutanthauza kuti botolo lamadzimadzi limakhala lokwera kwambiri. kuwerengetsa, kuphatikizapo sips ambiri omwe anaphonya omwe sanalembedwe konse (kapena "osawerengeka"), zotsatira zake zimakhala zofanana. Popatula zolemba zomwe zinaphonya pa kuwerengera, Sip Mean Error inakhala +10.38 mL, kutsimikizira kuyerekezera kwakukulu kwa sip imodzi. .Ngakhale kuti izi zingawoneke ngati zabwino, botolo liridi losalondola pamalingaliro a sip payekha komanso osadalirika chifukwa amaphonya zochitika zambiri zakumwa.Kuonjezera apo, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2d, Thermos SmartLid ikuwoneka kuti ikuwonjezera cholakwika ndi kukula kwa sip.
Zonsezi, H2OPal inali yolondola kwambiri pakuyesa sips pakapita nthawi, komanso njira yodalirika yoyezera zolemba zambiri.Thermos Smart Lid inali yolondola kwambiri komanso inaphonya sips kuposa mabotolo ena.Botolo la HidrateSpark 3 linali ndi zolakwika zambiri. ma values, koma adachepetsa ma sips ambiri omwe adapangitsa kuti asagwire bwino pakapita nthawi.
Zikuoneka kuti botolo likhoza kukhala ndi zina zomwe zingathe kulipidwa pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm ya calibration.Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa botolo la HidrateSpark, lomwe limakhala ndi zolakwika zazing'ono ndipo nthawi zonse zimapeputsa sip.A least squares (LS) Njira idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi data ya siteji 1 ndikupatula zolemba zilizonse zomwe zikusowa kuti zitheke komanso kupindula bwino.Zotsatira zomwe zidachitika zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pakudya kwa sip kuyeza mu gawo lachiwiri kuwerengera mtengo weniweni ndikuzindikira cholakwika chowerengeka.Table 2 ikuwonetsa kuti kuwongolera adakonza zolakwika za Sip pamabotolo awiri a HidrateSpark, koma osati H2OPal kapena Thermos Smart Lid.
Pa Gawo 1 pomwe miyeso yonse imachitika, botolo lililonse limadzazidwanso kangapo, kotero kuti MAE yowerengedwa ikhoza kukhudzidwa ndi mlingo wodzaza botolo. kuchuluka kwa botolo lililonse.Pamiyezo ya Phase 1, kuyesa kwa njira imodzi ya ANOVA kunkachitidwa kuti adziwe ngati miyeso inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi zolakwika mtheradi.Kwa HidrateSpark 3 ndi Steel, zolakwika zamagulu atatu sizili zosiyana kwambiri. Panali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malire (p Mayesero a t-tailed awiri adachitidwa kuti afanizire zolakwika za siteji 1 ndi sitepe 2 pa botolo lililonse. Tinapeza p> 0.05 kwa mabotolo onse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti magulu awiriwa sanali osiyana kwambiri.Komabe, adawona kuti mabotolo awiri a HidrateSpark anataya chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha zojambula mu siteji 2. Kwa H2OPal, chiwerengero cha zojambula zomwe zinaphonya zinali pafupifupi zofanana (2 vs. 3), pamene Thermos SmartLid panali zojambulidwa zochepa zomwe zinaphonya (6 vs. 10) .Popeza kuti mabotolo a HidrateSpark anali zonse zakonzedwa bwino pambuyo poyesa, kuyesa kwa t kunachitidwanso pambuyo poyesa.Kwa HidrateSpark 3, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa zolakwika pakati pa Gawo 1 ndi Gawo 2 (p = 0.046) . mu stage 2 poyerekeza ndi stage 1.
Gawoli limapereka zidziwitso za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa botolo ndi ntchito yake, komanso zidziwitso zina zogwira ntchito.Ngakhale kuti kulondola kwa botolo n'kofunika, chinthu chogwiritsira ntchito n'chofunikanso posankha botolo.
HidrateSpark 3 ndi HidrateSpark Steel zili ndi magetsi a LED omwe amakumbutsa ogwiritsa ntchito kumwa madzi ngati sakukwaniritsa zolinga zawo monga momwe anakonzera, kapena kuwunikira kangapo patsiku (zokhazikitsidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito). Akhozanso kukhazikitsidwa kuti aziwunikira nthawi iliyonse wogwiritsa ntchito akumwa.H2OPal ndi Thermos Smart Lid alibe malingaliro aliwonse owonetsera kuti akumbutse ogwiritsa ntchito kumwa madzi.Komabe, mabotolo onse ogulidwa ali ndi zidziwitso zam'manja zokumbutsa ogwiritsa ntchito kumwa kudzera pa pulogalamu yam'manja.Nambala ya zidziwitso patsiku ikhoza kukhala makonda mu HidrateSpark ndi H2OPal ntchito.
HidrateSpark 3 ndi Zitsulo zimagwiritsa ntchito mizere yolunjika kuwongolera ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomwa madzi ndikupereka cholinga cha ola limodzi chomwe ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kugunda pakutha kwa tsiku.H2OPal ndi Thermos Smart Lid zimangopereka cholinga chonse chatsiku ndi tsiku.M'mabotolo onse, ngati chipangizocho sichikulumikizidwa ku pulogalamuyi kudzera pa bluetooth, deta idzasungidwa kwanuko ndikuyanjanitsidwa pambuyo poyanjanitsa.
Palibe m'mabotolo anayi omwe amayang'ana pa hydration kwa okalamba.Kuonjezera apo, mafomu omwe mabotolo amagwiritsira ntchito kuti adziwe zolinga za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe amadya sizipezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa ngati zili zoyenera kwa okalamba.Zambiri mwa mabotolowa ndi aakulu komanso olemera osati ogwirizana ndi akuluakulu.Kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a m'manja kungakhalenso kosayenera kwa akuluakulu, ngakhale zingakhale zothandiza kuti ochita kafukufuku atolere deta patali.
Mabotolo onse sangathe kudziwa ngati madziwo adyedwa, kutayidwa kapena kutayikira.Mabotolo onse amafunikanso kuikidwa pamtunda pambuyo pa sip iliyonse kuti alembe molondola kumwa.Izi zikutanthauza kuti zakumwa zikhoza kuphonya ngati botolo silinakhazikitsidwe, makamaka pamene. kudzazanso.
Cholepheretsa china ndi chakuti chipangizochi chiyenera kuwonjezeredwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi pulogalamu kuti mugwirizanitse deta.Thermos inkafunika kukonzanso nthawi iliyonse pulogalamuyo itatsegulidwa, ndipo botolo la HidrateSpark nthawi zambiri linkavutika kuti lipeze kugwirizana kwa Bluetooth.H2OPal ndiyosavuta. kuti mugwirizanenso ndi pulogalamuyo ngati kugwirizanako kwatayika.Mabotolo onse amayesedwa asanayambe kuyezetsa ndipo amayenera kuwerengedwanso kamodzi panthawiyi.Botolo la HidrateSpark ndi H2OPal ziyenera kukhutulidwa ndikudzazidwa kwathunthu kuti zitheke.
Mabotolo onse alibe mwayi wotsitsa kapena kusunga deta kwa nthawi yaitali.Komanso, palibe mmodzi wa iwo amene angapezeke kudzera mu API.
HidrateSpark 3 ndi H2OPal amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion osinthika, HidrateSpark Steel ndi Thermos SmartLid amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire othanso.Monga adanenera wopanga, batire yomwe imatha kuchangidwa iyenera kutha mpaka masabata a 2 pa charger yathunthu, komabe, iyenera kuwonjezeredwa pafupifupi sabata iliyonse mukamagwiritsa ntchito. Thermos SmartLid kwambiri.Izi ndi zolepheretsa chifukwa anthu ambiri sangakumbukire kubwezeretsa botolo nthawi zonse.
Pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingakhudze kusankha kwa botolo lanzeru, makamaka pamene wogwiritsa ntchito ndi munthu wokalamba.Kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwa botolo ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chifukwa chiyenera kukhala chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi okalamba ofooka.Monga tafotokozera kale, mabotolowa sali opangidwira akuluakulu.Mtengo ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi pa botolo ndi chinthu chinanso.Table 3 imasonyeza kutalika, kulemera, kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi mtengo wa botolo lililonse.Thermos Smart Lid ndiyotsika mtengo komanso yopepuka monga momwe ilili. zopangidwa kwathunthu ndi pulasitiki yopepuka.Imakhalanso ndi zakumwa zambiri poyerekeza ndi mabotolo ena atatu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, H2OPal inali yayitali kwambiri, yolemera kwambiri komanso yokwera mtengo kwambiri ya mabotolo ofufuza.
Mabotolo anzeru omwe amapezeka pamalonda ndi othandiza kwa ofufuza chifukwa palibe chifukwa chopangira zida zatsopano. kuwonetsedwa mu pulogalamu ya m'manja.Pakufunika kupanga botolo lanzeru lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi lolondola kwambiri komanso deta yopezeka mokwanira, makamaka yopangidwira okalamba.Pamabotolo anayi omwe anayesedwa, H2OPal kunja kwa bokosi anali ndi Sip MPE yochepa kwambiri, kuchulukirachulukira kwa MPE, ndi kuchuluka kwa zojambulira zomwe zaphonya.HidrateSpark 3 ili ndi mzere wapamwamba kwambiri, wopatuka wocheperako komanso wotsika kwambiri wa MAE.HidrateSpark Steel ndi HidrateSpark 3 zitha kungoyesedwa pamanja kuti muchepetse cholakwika cha Sip pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya LS. HidrateSpark 3 ndi botolo losankhika, pamene miyeso yowonjezereka yowonjezereka pakapita nthawi, H2OPal ndiyo kusankha koyamba.Thermos SmartLid inali ndi ntchito yodalirika kwambiri, inali ndi sips yophonya kwambiri, ndi overestimated sips payekha.
Phunziroli liribe malire.Muzochitika zenizeni, ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amamwa kuchokera kuzinthu zina, makamaka zamadzimadzi otentha, zakumwa zogula m'sitolo, ndi mowa.Ntchito yamtsogolo iyenera kuwunika momwe mawonekedwe a botolo lililonse amakhudzira zolakwika kuti atsogolere mapangidwe a botolo lamadzi anzeru. .
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Ntchitoyi inathandizidwa ndi bungwe la Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Foundation Grant (FDN-148450) .Dr. Fernie adalandira ndalamazo monga Mpando wa Creaghan wa Kupewa kwa Banja ndi Zamankhwala Zamankhwala.
Kite Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
Conceptualization - RC; Njira - RC, AR; Kulemba - Kukonzekera Zolemba Pamanja - RC, AR; Kulemba - Kubwereza ndi Kusintha, GF, AR; Kuyang'anira - AR, GF Olemba onse awerenga ndikugwirizana ndi buku lomwe lasindikizidwa.
Springer Nature salowerera ndale pankhani zaulamuliro wamapu osindikizidwa ndi mabungwe omwe ali nawo.
Open access , ndikuwonetsa ngati kusintha kwapangidwa. Zithunzi kapena zinthu zina za gulu lachitatu zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi zikuphatikizidwa pansi pa chilolezo cha Creative Commons cha nkhaniyi, pokhapokha ngati tatchulidwa m'makalata azinthuzo.Ngati zinthuzo sizikuphatikizidwa mu Creative Commons. layisensi ya nkhaniyo ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwanu sikuloledwa ndi lamulo kapena malamulo kapena kupitilira zomwe zaloledwa, muyenera kupeza chilolezo kuchokera kwa eni ake a copyright. /ndi/4.0/.
Cohen, R., Fernie, G., ndi Roshan Fekr, A. Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mabotolo amadzi anzeru omwe amapezeka pamalonda.Science Rep 12, 4402 (2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08335 -5
Potumiza ndemanga, mukuvomera kutsatira Migwirizano yathu ndi Malangizo a Community. Ngati muwona zinthu zachipongwe kapena zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe tikufuna kapena malangizo athu, chonde zineneni ngati zosayenera.