Yang'anirani momwe mumamwa madzi kudzera m'mabotolo amadzi anzeru omwe amagulitsidwa

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Zakudya zamadzimadzi ndizofunikira kuti tipewe kutaya madzi m'thupi komanso kuchepetsa miyala ya impso. Pakhala pali chizolowezi m'zaka zaposachedwa popanga zida zowunikira kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu "zanzeru" monga mabotolo anzeru. Pali mabotolo angapo ochita malonda amwana omwe amapezeka, makamaka okhudza anthu achikulire omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino. H2OPal, HidrateSpark Steel, HidrateSpark 3 ndi Thermos Smart Lid.Zochitika zana zakumeza pa botolo zinalembedwa ndikuwunikidwa ndi kufananizidwa ndi choonadi chapansi chomwe chinapezedwa kuchokera ku masikelo apamwamba kwambiri.H2OPal ili ndi zolakwika zotsika kwambiri zaperesenti (MPE) ndipo imatha kulinganiza zolakwika pa sips angapo. Makhalidwe a MPE m'mabotolo a HidrateSpark adasinthidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera pang'onopang'ono popeza anali ndi zolakwika zambiri paokha. Thermos Smart Lid inali yolondola kwambiri, popeza sensa sinapitirire mubotolo lonse, ndikupangitsa kuti zolemba zambiri ziwonongeke.
Kutaya madzi m'thupi ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa lingayambitse mavuto aakulu, kuphatikizapo chisokonezo, kugwa, chipatala, ndi imfa.Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi n'kofunika kwambiri, makamaka kwa anthu okalamba komanso anthu omwe ali ndi matenda omwe amakhudza malamulo a madzimadzi. kutengedwa1,2.Pali zoyesayesa zambiri m'mabuku kuti apange malipoti a machitidwe kapena zipangizo zomwe zingathandize kufufuza ndi kuyang'anira kudya kwamadzimadzi.Mwamwayi, ambiri mwa maphunzirowa sanabweretse mankhwala omwe amapezeka pamalonda.Mabotolo pamsika makamaka amayang'ana othamanga ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena akuluakulu odziwa zaumoyo akuyang'ana kuwonjezera hydration.M'nkhaniyi, timayang'ana kuti tipeze mayankho okhudzana ndi kafukufuku wamadzi, omwe timayesa kuti tidziwe ngati timagwiritsa ntchito botolo lamadzi lomwe likupezeka. mabotolo amadzi amalonda okhudzana ndi ntchito ndi ntchito.Mabotolowa ndi HidrateSpark 34, HidrateSpark Steel5, H2O Pal6 ndi Thermos Smart Lid7 monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1.Mabotolowa anasankhidwa chifukwa ndi amodzi mwa mabotolo anayi otchuka omwe ali (1) ogulidwa ku Canada ndipo (2) ali ndi sip voliyumu ya data yomwe ikupezeka kudzera pa pulogalamu ya foni yam'manja.
Zithunzi za mabotolo amalonda omwe amafufuzidwa: (a) HidrateSpark 34, (b) HidrateSpark Steel5, (c) H2OPal6, (d) Thermos Smart Lid7.Bokosi lofiira lofiira limasonyeza malo a sensa.
Pamabotolo omwe ali pamwambawa, matembenuzidwe am'mbuyomu a HidrateSpark adatsimikiziridwa mu kafukufuku8. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti botolo la HidrateSpark linali lolondola mkati mwa 3% ya kuyeza kudya kwathunthu pa nthawi ya maola 24 amadzimadzi. maphunziro ena kuti azitsatira ndi kulimbikitsa kudya kwamadzimadzi, koma palibe maphunziro apadera omwe atsimikizira kuti ntchito yake2,10.Pletcher et al.Mawonekedwe a geriatric ndi chidziwitso chomwe chilipo pa intaneti chinafaniziridwa ndi mabotolo angapo amalonda, koma sanachite zovomerezeka zolondola11.
Mabotolo onse anayi amalonda akuphatikizapo pulogalamu yaufulu yaumwini yowonetsera ndi kusunga zochitika zoyamwitsa zomwe zimafalitsidwa kudzera pa Bluetooth.HidrateSpark 3 ndi Thermos Smart Lid ali ndi sensa pakati pa botolo, mwinamwake pogwiritsa ntchito sensor capacitive, pamene HidrateSpark Steel ndi H2Opal ali ndi sensa pansi, pogwiritsa ntchito katundu kapena malo opanikizika akuwonetsedwa mu bokosi la 1 Fid. Thermos Smart Lid, sensa siyingafike pansi pa chidebecho.
Botolo lirilonse limayesedwa m'magawo awiri: (1) gawo loyamwa lolamulidwa ndi (2) gawo lopanda moyo.M'magawo onse awiri, zotsatira zomwe zinalembedwa ndi botolo (zotengedwa kuchokera ku pulogalamu ya foni yamakono yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Android 11) inafanizidwa ndi choonadi chapansi chomwe chinapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 5 kg (Starfrit Electronic Kitchen Scale 93756) . kuchokera ku 10 mL mpaka 100 mL ya 10 mL mpaka 100 mL adayesedwa mwachisawawa, miyeso ya 5 iliyonse, pamiyeso ya 50 pa vial. Zochitika izi siziri zochitika zenizeni zakumwa mwa anthu, koma zimatsanulidwa kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa sip iliyonse kukhoza kuyendetsedwa bwino. kugwirizana kwa bluetooth ku botolo.Pa nthawi ya moyo waufulu, wogwiritsa ntchito amamwa madzi momasuka kuchokera ku botolo masana, ndipo amasankha sips zosiyana.Gawoli limaphatikizansopo 50 sips pakapita nthawi, koma osati onsewo.
Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa madzi okwanira komanso kuonetsetsa kuti madzi akuyenda bwino tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikofunika kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi miyeso yolondola ya volumetric tsiku lonse (maola 24) osati sip. 2 .Ngati sip sichinalembedwe kapena kulembedwa bwino, nkofunika kuti botolo likhoza kulinganiza voliyumu pa kujambula kotsatira.Choncho, cholakwika (chiwerengero choyezera - voliyumu yeniyeni) chimasinthidwa pamanja.Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti mutuwo wamwa 10 mL ndipo botolo linanena kuti 0 mL, koma mutuwo umamwa 20 mL, botolo la 0 linanena kuti 20 mL ndi 0 mL, botolo la 0 litasinthidwa. mL.
Table 1 imatchula njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito pabotolo lililonse poganizira magawo awiri (100 sips). The mean percent error (MPE) per sip, mean absolute error (MAE) per sip, and cumulative MPE are counted motere:
kumene \({S}_{act}^{i}\) ndi \({S}_{est}^{i}\) ndi zodya zenizeni komanso zoyerekezeredwa za \({i}_{th}\ ) sip, ndipo \(n\) ndi chiwerengero chonse cha sips.\({C}_{act}^{k}\) ndi \({{C}_\{stke})" zikuyimira cumutala (k){k} {k} sips.The Sip MPE imayang'ana zolakwika zaperesenti kwa sip aliyense, pamene Cumulative MPE imayang'ana zolakwika zonse peresenti pakapita nthawi.Malinga ndi zotsatira mu Table 1, H2OPal ili ndi chiwerengero chotsika kwambiri cha zolemba zotayika, zotsika kwambiri za Sip MPE, ndi zotsika kwambiri za MPE.Kulakwitsa kwapakati ndikwabwino kusiyana ndi kulakwitsa kokwanira pa compariEmetric (MA) monga kulakwitsa kokwanira (MAA). nthawi.Chifukwa chikuwonetsera mphamvu ya botolo kuti ibwererenso ku miyeso yosauka pakapita nthawi pamene ikulemba miyeso yotsatira.Sip MAE imaphatikizidwanso m'mapulogalamu omwe kulondola kwa sip iliyonse ndikofunikira chifukwa kumawerengera cholakwika chonse cha sip.Cumulative MPE imayesanso momwe miyesoyo imayendera bwino pagawo lonse ndipo sichimawerengera botolo limodzi 3. adachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa pakamwa pakamwa komwe kukuwonetsedwa patebulo 1 ndi manambala olakwika.
Mitundu ya R-squared Pearson corelation coefficients ya mabotolo onse ikuwonetsedwanso mu Table 1. HidrateSpark 3 imapereka mgwirizano wapamwamba kwambiri. 0.88, pomwe Thermos SmartLid inali ndi mgwirizano wotsika kwambiri (r = 0.75).
Chiwembu cha Bland-Altman mu Chithunzi 2 chimatsimikiziranso kuti HidrateSpark 3 ili ndi malire ang'onoang'ono a mgwirizano (LoA) poyerekeza ndi mabotolo ena atatu.LoA imasanthula momwe mfundo zenizeni ndi zoyezera zimavomerezera. Zomwezo ndizowona kwa HidrateSpark Steel mu Chithunzi 2b, pomwe zolakwika zambiri ndizolakwika.Choncho, mabotolo awiriwa amapereka MPE yapamwamba kwambiri komanso MPE yowonjezera poyerekeza ndi H2Opal ndi Thermos Smart Lid, ndi zolakwika zomwe zimagawidwa pamwamba ndi pansi pa 0, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.
Bland-Altman plots of (a) H2OPal, (b) HidrateSpark Steel, (c) HidrateSpark 3 ndi (d) Thermos Smart Lid. Mzere wodukidwa umayimira nthawi yodalirika mozungulira tanthauzo, lowerengeredwa kuchokera pakupatuka kokhazikika mu Gulu 1.
HidrateSpark Steel ndi H2OPal zinali ndi zosiyana zofanana za 20.04 mL ndi 21.41 mL, motsatira. 35.42 mL, ndipo kuposa 10% ya miyeso inali kunja kwa dera la LoA lomwe likuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2d. Botololi linapereka Sip Mean Error yaying'ono kwambiri ndi Cumulative MPE yaying'ono, ngakhale kuti inali ndi zolemba zosowa kwambiri komanso kusokonezeka kwakukulu koyenera.The Thermos SmartLid ili ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe zaphonya chifukwa chojambula chosowa chojambulira chimapangitsa kuti chidebecho chiphonyedwe m'munsi mwa chidebecho sichimawonjezera zolemba zamadzimadzi. (~ 80 mL) .Izi ziyenera kupangitsa kuti kunyozetsa kumwa madzi; Komabe, Thermos inali botolo lokhalo lomwe linali ndi MPE yabwino ndi Sip Mean Error, kutanthauza kuti botolo lamadzimadzi limakhala lokwera kwambiri. Choncho, chifukwa chomwe Thermos 'chiwopsezo cha sip chimakhala chochepa kwambiri ndi chifukwa chakuti muyesowo umayesedwa mopambanitsa pafupifupi botolo lililonse. zolemba kuchokera kuwerengera, Kulakwitsa kwa Sip Mean kunakhala + 10.38 mL, kutsimikizira kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa sip imodzi.Ngakhale izi zingawoneke ngati zabwino, botolo liri lolondola pamalingaliro a sip payekha komanso osadalirika chifukwa amaphonya zochitika zambiri zakumwa.Kuonjezera apo, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Chithunzi 2d, Thermos ikuwoneka kuti ikuwonjezera kulakwitsa kwa SmartLi.
Zonsezi, H2OPal inali yolondola kwambiri pakuyesa sips pakapita nthawi, komanso njira yodalirika yoyezera zolemba zambiri.Thermos Smart Lid inali yolondola kwambiri komanso inaphonya sips kuposa mabotolo ena.Botolo la HidrateSpark 3 linali ndi zolakwika zambiri zosagwirizana, koma kunyalanyaza sips zambiri zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kusagwira bwino ntchito pakapita nthawi.
Zikuoneka kuti botolo likhoza kukhala ndi zina zomwe zingathe kulipidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya calibration.Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa botolo la HidrateSpark, lomwe liri ndi zolakwika zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala zolakwika ndipo nthawi zonse zimachepetsera sip.A least squares (LS) njira inagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi data ya siteji 1 pamene osaphatikizapo zolemba zilizonse zomwe zikusowa kuti apeze kuchotseratu ndikupeza zotsatira za equation zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa sitepe yachiwiri. mtengo weniweni komanso kudziwa zolakwika zomwe zasinthidwa.Table 2 ikuwonetsa kuti kuwongolera kunawongolera zolakwika za Sip pamabotolo awiri a HidrateSpark, koma osati H2OPal kapena Thermos Smart Lid.
Pakati pa Gawo 1 pamene miyeso yonse yachitidwa, botolo lililonse limadzazidwa kangapo, kotero MAE yowerengedwa ikhoza kukhudzidwa ndi mlingo wodzaza botolo.Kuti mudziwe izi, botolo lililonse limagawidwa m'magulu atatu, apamwamba, apakati, ndi otsika, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa botolo lililonse. magulu sali osiyana kwambiri.Panali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malire (p Mayesero awiri a t-tailed adachitidwa kuti afanizire zolakwika za siteji 1 ndi sitepe 2 pa botolo lililonse. Tinapeza p> 0.05 kwa mabotolo onse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti magulu awiriwa sanali osiyana kwambiri. zolemba zochepa zomwe zaphonya (6 vs. 10) .Popeza kuti mabotolo a HidrateSpark onse adakonzedwa bwino pambuyo poyesa, kuyesa kwa t kunachitidwanso pambuyo poyesa.Kwa HidrateSpark 3, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa zolakwika pakati pa Gawo 1 ndi Gawo 2 (p = 0.046) .Izi ndizowonjezereka chifukwa cha chiwerengero chapamwamba cha 12 chosowa.
Gawoli limapereka chidziwitso cha momwe botolo limagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe limagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso zina zowonjezera.
HidrateSpark 3 ndi HidrateSpark Steel zili ndi nyali za LED zomwe zimakumbutsa ogwiritsa ntchito kumwa madzi ngati sakukwaniritsa zolinga zawo monga momwe anakonzera, kapena kuwunikira nthawi zingapo patsiku (zokhazikitsidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito). Angathenso kukhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse pamene wosuta amwa. app.Chiwerengero cha zidziwitso patsiku chikhoza kusinthidwa mu HidrateSpark ndi H2OPal ntchito.
HidrateSpark 3 ndi Zitsulo zimagwiritsa ntchito mizere yolunjika kuwongolera ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomwe amamwa madzi ndikupereka cholinga cha ola limodzi chomwe ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kugunda pakutha kwa tsiku.H2OPal ndi Thermos Smart Lid zimangopereka cholinga chonse chatsiku ndi tsiku.M'mabotolo onse, ngati chipangizocho sichikulumikizidwa ku pulogalamuyi kudzera pa bluetooth, deta idzasungidwa kumaloko ndikugwirizanitsa pambuyo pa kugwirizanitsa.
Palibe m'mabotolo anayi omwe amaganizira za hydration kwa okalamba.Kuonjezera apo, njira zomwe mabotolo amagwiritsa ntchito kuti adziwe zolinga za tsiku ndi tsiku sizipezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa ngati zili zoyenera kwa anthu okalamba.Zambiri mwa mabotolowa ndi aakulu komanso olemetsa komanso osagwirizana ndi akuluakulu.
Mabotolo onse sangathe kudziwa ngati madziwo adyedwa, kutayidwa kapena kutayidwa.Mabotolo onse amafunikanso kuikidwa pamtunda pambuyo pa sip iliyonse kuti alembe molondola zomwe amadya.Izi zikutanthauza kuti zakumwa zikhoza kuphonya ngati botolo silinakhazikitsidwe, makamaka pamene mukuwonjezeredwa.
Cholepheretsa china ndi chakuti chipangizochi chiyenera kuwonjezeredwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi pulogalamuyo kuti mugwirizanitse deta.Thermos inkafunika kukonzedwanso nthawi zonse pamene pulogalamuyo idatsegulidwa, ndipo botolo la HidrateSpark nthawi zambiri linkavutika kuti lipeze kugwirizana kwa Bluetooth.H2OPal ndiyosavuta kugwirizanitsanso ndi pulogalamuyo ngati kugwirizanako kutayika.Mabotolo onse amayesedwa asanayambe kuyezetsa kuyambika ndipo ayenera kusinthidwa kamodzi pa botolo la HidrateSpark. H2OPal iyenera kukhuthulidwa ndikudzazidwa kwathunthu kuti iwunikire.
Mabotolo onse alibe mwayi wotsitsa kapena kusunga deta kwa nthawi yaitali.Komanso, palibe mmodzi wa iwo amene angapezeke kudzera mu API.
HidrateSpark 3 ndi H2OPal amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion osinthika, HidrateSpark Steel ndi Thermos SmartLid amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire omwe amathanso kuchangidwa.Monga adanenera wopanga, batire yowonjezedwanso iyenera kutha mpaka masabata a 2 pa charger yathunthu, komabe, iyenera kuwonjezeredwa pafupifupi sabata iliyonse mukamagwiritsa ntchito botolo la Thermos monga momwe anthu ambiri amakumbukirira. pafupipafupi.
Pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingakhudze kusankha kwa botolo lanzeru, makamaka pamene wogwiritsa ntchito ndi munthu wokalamba.Kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwa botolo ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chifukwa chiyenera kukhala chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi okalamba ofooka.Monga tafotokozera kale, mabotolowa sali oyenerera okalamba.Mtengo ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi pa botolo ndi chinthu chinanso.Table 3 imasonyeza kutalika ndi mtengo wa botolo la Smart ndi mtengo wotsikirapo, wotsika mtengo komanso mtengo wamadzimadzi. chopepuka kwambiri popeza chimapangidwa chonse ndi pulasitiki yopepuka.Imakhalanso ndi zakumwa zambiri poyerekeza ndi mabotolo ena atatu.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, H2OPal inali yaitali kwambiri, yolemera kwambiri komanso yodula kwambiri ya mabotolo ofufuza.
Mabotolo anzeru omwe amapezeka pamalonda ndi othandiza kwa ofufuza chifukwa palibe chifukwa chopangira zida zatsopano. H2OPal kunja kwa bokosi inali ndi Sip MPE yotsika kwambiri, MPE yowonjezera, ndi chiwerengero cha zojambula zomwe zinaphonya. miyeso yowonjezereka pakapita nthawi, H2OPal ndiyo yoyamba kusankha.Thermos SmartLid inali ndi ntchito yochepa yodalirika, inali ndi sips yophonya kwambiri, ndi overestimated sips payekha.
Phunziroli liribe malire.Muzochitika zenizeni, ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amamwa kuchokera kuzinthu zina, makamaka zamadzimadzi otentha, zakumwa zogulira m'masitolo, ndi mowa.Ntchito yamtsogolo iyenera kuwunika momwe mawonekedwe a botolo lililonse amakhudzira zolakwika kuti atsogolere mapangidwe anzeru a botolo la madzi.
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Potumiza ndemanga, mukuvomera kutsatira Migwirizano yathu ndi Malangizo a Community. Ngati muwona zinthu zachipongwe kapena zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe tikufuna kapena malangizo athu, chonde zineneni ngati zosayenera.